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East Turkestan independence movement
The East Turkestan independence movement (ETIM) is a broad term that refers to advocates of an independent, self-governing East Turkestan in the region now known as Xinjiang, an autonomous region in the People's Republic of China.
==Name==
The name "East Turkestan" was created by the Russian Sinologist Nikita Bichurin to replace the term "Chinese Turkestan" in 1829.〔(Bellér-Hann 2007, p. 34. )〕 "East Turkestan" was used traditionally to only refer to the Tarim Basin, and not Xinjiang as a whole, with Dzungaria being excluded from the area consisting of "East Turkestan".
Xinjiang before the Qing dynasty did not exist as one unit. It consisted of the two separate political entities of Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin (Eastern Turkestan).〔(Michell 1870 ), p. 2.〕〔(Martin 1847 ), p. 21.〕〔(Fisher 1852 ), p. 554.〕〔(''The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 23'' 1852 ), p. 681.〕 There was the Zhunbu (Dzungar region) and Huibu (Muslim region)〔(Millward 2007 ), p. 97.〕 Dzungharia or Ili was called Zhunbu 準部 (Dzungar region) Tianshan Beilu 天山北路 (Northern March), "Xinjiang" 新疆 (New Frontier),〔(Millward 1998 ), p. 21.〕 Dzongarie, Djoongaria,〔(''Bulletin de la Section de géographie, Volume 10'' 1896 ), p. 122.〕 Soungaria,〔(Bridgman & Williams 1837 ), p. 273.〕〔(''The Chinese Repository, Volume 5'' 1837 ), p. 273.〕 or "Kalmykia" (La Kalmouquie in French).〔(Mentelle, Edme; Brun, Malte 1804, p. 144. )〕〔(Mentelle, Edme; Brun, Malte 1804, p. 160. )〕 It was formerly the area of the Zunghar Khanate 準噶爾汗國, the land of the Dzungar Oirat Mongols. The Tarim Basin was known as "Tianshan Nanlu 天山南路 (southern March), Huibu 回部 (Muslim region), Huijiang 回疆 (Muslim frontier), Chinese Turkestan, Kashgaria, Little Bukharia, East Turkestan", and the traditional Uyghur name for it was Altishahr ().〔(Millward 1998 ), p. 23.〕 It was formerly the area of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate 東察合台汗國, land of the Uyghur people before being conquered by the Dzungars. The Chinese Repository said that "Neither the natives nor the Chinese appear to have any general name to designate the Mohammedan colonies. They are called Kashgar, Bokhára, Chinese Turkestan, &c., by foreigners, none of which seem to be very appropriate. They have also been called Jagatai, after a son of Genghis khan, to whom this country fell as his portion after his father’s death, and be included all the eight Mohammedan cities, with some of the surrounding countries, in one kingdom. It is said to have remained in this family, with some interruptions, until conquered by the Eleuths of Soungaria in 1683."〔〔
Between Jiayu Guan's west and Urumchi's East, an area of Xiniiang was also disginated as Tianshan Donglu 天山東路 (Eastern March).〔(Millward 1998 ), p. 24.〕〔(Millward 1998 ), p. 126.〕 The three routes that made up Xinjiang were - Tarim Basin (southern route), Dzungaria (northern route), and the Turfan Basin (eastern route with Turfan, Hami, and Urumqi).〔(Millward 2007 ), p. 98.〕
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